英文版英国历史概况

BC Iberian Mediterranean people, BAK people, Celtic, have arrived in Britain. Great Britain 1-5 century AD the Roman Empire southeast. After the Roman withdrawal, northern Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jutes invaded and settled in succession. The feudal system began to form the 7th century, and many small countries into seven kingdoms strive for hegemony over 200 years, known to history as "Anglo - Saxon times." 829 King Egbert of Wessex Wessex unified England. 8 end of the century invasion by the Danes, from 1016 to 1042 as part of the Danish Viking empire. Short-term rule by the king was, in 1066 the Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England. 1215 forced King John to sign Magna Carta, Crown was inhibited. From 1338 to 1453 British law, "the Hundred Years War," the British after the defeat first victory. Wales and England 1536 merger. 1588 defeat of the Spanish "Armada", establish maritime supremacy. 1640, the United Kingdom in the world's first outbreak of the bourgeois revolution, a bourgeois revolution pioneer. May 19, 1649 announced the establishment of the Republic. Dynasty restored in 1660, took place in 1688 "Glorious Revolution", defined constitutional monarchy. 1707 merger of England and Scotland, in 1801 it merged with the Irish. Half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, became the first country to complete the Industrial Revolution. 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire in 1914 a colonial possession of a large 111-fold higher than native, was the first colonial power, called themselves "the sun never sets empire." After World War I began to decline. The United Kingdom in 1920, the county set up in Northern Ireland, and was from 1921 to 1922 to allow the south of Ireland from their domination, the establishment of an independent state. Statute of Westminster, enacted in 1931, was forced to admit its dominion in the internal affairs and diplomatic independence from the British Empire colonial system shaken. The Second World War greatly weakened the British economic strength and political status declined. With the 1947 independence of India and pakistan in succession to the 60's, the collapse of the British Empire colonial system. January 1973 Britain joined the European Community. Historically, England, Scotland, and Ireland Viagra disabilities are four countries. Viagra England and later by the marriage of persons combined, and then later, the last Tudor king Elizabeth Baiyi Shi No, they pass to her nephew, King James of Scotland, so Scotland and England combined. Houzhanmushi's son Charles was overthrown by the revolution of Cromwell, Cromwell conquered Ireland during the reign of force. In 1923, the British parliament decided to Ireland is pided into two parts, the southern 23 counties the independence of the Republic of Ireland, north four counties as Northern Ireland to remain British. Great Britain is an island, from England, Scotland and Wales together constitute the so-called UK is the United Kingdom the abbreviation, that is, the meaning of the United Kingdom.

版权最先在哪个国家出现

“版权”在英语中被称为版权,字面意思是“复制+权利”。在历史上,“版权”实际上是指复制权。

在印刷术问世之前没有“版权”的概念。在中世纪,书籍是被复制的,因此几乎没有盗版动机,因为盗版的成本类似于原始书籍的生产。另一方面,那时作者没有因为写书而得到报酬。

在十五世纪中叶,发明了印刷技术,此后便开始了盗版。为了保护印刷商的利益,政府希望发行的某些书籍将不会印刷,意大利的一些王国也指定了印刷特许权制度。王室授予某些出版商印刷权给某些出版商,而其他人则可能在一定时期(通常不超过14年)内不印刷该书。

可以说明三件事:

(1)版权实质上是一种版权;

(2)版权制度的起源是为了保护打印机的利益;

(3)最早的版权保护期只有14年。

在16世纪,印刷业传给了英国,英国人也拥有与王室授予的类似的垄断。

1662年,英国通过了《许可法》,该法要求印刷书籍必须获得许可,并且印刷副本必须保存在伦敦出版协会(文具商)中。公司)。该法律实际上只是一个预先存在的惯例,已明确说明。

1710年,英国通过《安妮规约》将版权保护从印刷者扩展到作者,禁止印刷者未经作者同意而印刷和出版书籍。同时,法律规定版权的有效保护期为28年,之后该书进入公共领域。

一般认为,《安妮法案》是历史上第一部版权法。它具有三个特征:

(1)较早的“印刷特许权”系统仅将版权授予印刷商,因此版权成为印刷协会会员的私人权利,《安妮法案》规定:任何人都可以拥有版权,从而使版权成为公共权利。

(2)《安妮法案》规定版权源于作者,并且打印机只有拥有作者转让的权利才能获得版权。

(3)《安妮法案》规定了版权期限。该法颁布时,已出版的书籍的版权寿命为21年;那些尚未出版的出版物,其首次出版后的版权保护期为14年,但作者可以再申请14年。但是打印机认为,版权是在作者首次发布时由作者转移给打印机的,因此打印机也可以申请扩展。

中国古代有版权吗

当中国发明雕刻和印刷技术时,由于出版业的普及,书籍的生产成本大大降低,变成了城市商品。因此,唐代就有海盗活动。在宋代,盗版风变得越来越猛烈,给图书经营者造成巨大损失。

为了保护自己的利益,发布者开始寻求与普通财产不同的特殊保护。在宋代,成社人在他的《东十世路》书目中有一张长途卡:“明山成社人民住宅杂志。该书已被老板使用,不得转载。”含义很明确,即该书由我组成,已经出版,发行,并报有关部门备案,任何人都不得复制或转载。这是为了保护版权而写的文本,指示出版商(或作者)正试图垄断该书的版权,并且版权概念由此产生。宋代段长武在国子监《禁止重印》中登记了《朱贵茂史记》三十卷。它已被注册并包含法律保护。出版人(或作者)段昌武还提出了“禁止转载的理由”:第一,“一生一世,完成一本书”;第二,“一个词,一个句子,充满创造力,记录率”;第三,“最精确的学校”;最后一个原因,也是最重要的原因是:如果其他出版商对盗版感兴趣,“端到端,增加意义就容易了”。为此,他特别向“国子监”支付了“许可证”,以证明这是“发明”,禁止他人复制,并赋予出版商对其他盗版者“恢复摘要和起诉”的权力。可以看出,段长武先生对自己作品的出版倍感珍惜,他的著作权保护绝不给任何人任何空白。

但是,在一千多年前的宋朝,此版权保护申请的许可只是政府的行政庇护,而不是机构保护(也是不可能的)。这种版权保护仅来自个别,部分,区域性(例如,仅在国务院的监督范围之内),并且不太可能大规模推广。因此,在《三国演义》,《红楼梦》,《西游记》,《水Mar传》等四部主要作品出现之后,市场上出现了很多版画。当然,由于它可读性强,因此受到了人们的喜爱。仅出现了多种版本。也许,在中国的传统文化中,一直存在着一个缺乏法治和法律意识的国家。这四本著名的书籍已经广泛传播并与此有关。

由于中国大陆的法律意识薄弱,甚至不知道侵权是错误的,但是为了前者的利益,许多人无视法律,从事从书籍到电影,音乐,名牌服装,皮革制品,玩具等到所谓的“山寨电话”等等,而且范围很广。最大的目标自然是非法获取金钱利益。

关键字: 版权 安妮 作者 书籍 出版商

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